class: inverse, center, title-slide, middle <style> .title-slide .remark-slide-number { display: none; } </style> # .title-wrap[Intro to Programming with R for Political Scientists] <br /> ## .header-fancy[Session 1: RStudio and Version Control] ### Markus Freitag ### Geschwister Scholl Institute of Political Science, LMU ### [<svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" style="height:1em;position:relative;display:inline-block;top:.1em;fill:#415564;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M459.37 151.716c.325 4.548.325 9.097.325 13.645 0 138.72-105.583 298.558-298.558 298.558-59.452 0-114.68-17.219-161.137-47.106 8.447.974 16.568 1.299 25.34 1.299 49.055 0 94.213-16.568 130.274-44.832-46.132-.975-84.792-31.188-98.112-72.772 6.498.974 12.995 1.624 19.818 1.624 9.421 0 18.843-1.3 27.614-3.573-48.081-9.747-84.143-51.98-84.143-102.985v-1.299c13.969 7.797 30.214 12.67 47.431 13.319-28.264-18.843-46.781-51.005-46.781-87.391 0-19.492 5.197-37.36 14.294-52.954 51.655 63.675 129.3 105.258 216.365 109.807-1.624-7.797-2.599-15.918-2.599-24.04 0-57.828 46.782-104.934 104.934-104.934 30.213 0 57.502 12.67 76.67 33.137 23.715-4.548 46.456-13.32 66.599-25.34-7.798 24.366-24.366 44.833-46.132 57.827 21.117-2.273 41.584-8.122 60.426-16.243-14.292 20.791-32.161 39.308-52.628 54.253z"></path></svg>](https://twitter.com/MarkusGFreitag) [<svg viewBox="0 0 496 512" style="height:1em;position:relative;display:inline-block;top:.1em;fill:#415564;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M336.5 160C322 70.7 287.8 8 248 8s-74 62.7-88.5 152h177zM152 256c0 22.2 1.2 43.5 3.3 64h185.3c2.1-20.5 3.3-41.8 3.3-64s-1.2-43.5-3.3-64H155.3c-2.1 20.5-3.3 41.8-3.3 64zm324.7-96c-28.6-67.9-86.5-120.4-158-141.6 24.4 33.8 41.2 84.7 50 141.6h108zM177.2 18.4C105.8 39.6 47.8 92.1 19.3 160h108c8.7-56.9 25.5-107.8 49.9-141.6zM487.4 192H372.7c2.1 21 3.3 42.5 3.3 64s-1.2 43-3.3 64h114.6c5.5-20.5 8.6-41.8 8.6-64s-3.1-43.5-8.5-64zM120 256c0-21.5 1.2-43 3.3-64H8.6C3.2 212.5 0 233.8 0 256s3.2 43.5 8.6 64h114.6c-2-21-3.2-42.5-3.2-64zm39.5 96c14.5 89.3 48.7 152 88.5 152s74-62.7 88.5-152h-177zm159.3 141.6c71.4-21.2 129.4-73.7 158-141.6h-108c-8.8 56.9-25.6 107.8-50 141.6zM19.3 352c28.6 67.9 86.5 120.4 158 141.6-24.4-33.8-41.2-84.7-50-141.6h-108z"></path></svg>](https://markusfreitag.netlify.app/) ### 2021-07-03 <a href="https://github.com/m-freitag" class="github-corner" aria-label="View source on Github"><svg width="80" height="80" viewBox="0 0 250 250" style="fill:#415564; color:#f6f3f2; position: absolute; top: 0; border: 0; right: 0;" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0,0 L115,115 L130,115 L142,142 L250,250 L250,0 Z"></path><path d="M128.3,109.0 C113.8,99.7 119.0,89.6 119.0,89.6 C122.0,82.7 120.5,78.6 120.5,78.6 C119.2,72.0 123.4,76.3 123.4,76.3 C127.3,80.9 125.5,87.3 125.5,87.3 C122.9,97.6 130.6,101.9 134.4,103.2" fill="currentColor" style="transform-origin: 130px 106px;" class="octo-arm"></path><path d="M115.0,115.0 C114.9,115.1 118.7,116.5 119.8,115.4 L133.7,101.6 C136.9,99.2 139.9,98.4 142.2,98.6 C133.8,88.0 127.5,74.4 143.8,58.0 C148.5,53.4 154.0,51.2 159.7,51.0 C160.3,49.4 163.2,43.6 171.4,40.1 C171.4,40.1 176.1,42.5 178.8,56.2 C183.1,58.6 187.2,61.8 190.9,65.4 C194.5,69.0 197.7,73.2 200.1,77.6 C213.8,80.2 216.3,84.9 216.3,84.9 C212.7,93.1 206.9,96.0 205.4,96.6 C205.1,102.4 203.0,107.8 198.3,112.5 C181.9,128.9 168.3,122.5 157.7,114.1 C157.9,116.9 156.7,120.9 152.7,124.9 L141.0,136.5 C139.8,137.7 141.6,141.9 141.8,141.8 Z" fill="currentColor" class="octo-body"></path></svg></a><style>.github-corner:hover .octo-arm{animation:octocat-wave 560ms ease-in-out}@keyframes octocat-wave{0%,100%{transform:rotate(0)}20%,60%{transform:rotate(-25deg)}40%,80%{transform:rotate(10deg)}}@media (max-width:500px){.github-corner:hover .octo-arm{animation:none}.github-corner .octo-arm{animation:octocat-wave 560ms ease-in-out}}</style> --- class: inverse, center, middle name: intro # Intro --- # Hi! .hl2[Why this course?] - Intro to R with a focus on programming (<-> standard pol sci quant training). - Set some good programming/workflow habits to make your life easier later on. > *"I want to give a short (crash) course that provides you with some basic practical skills necessary to get serious about (political) sciencing."* - There are tons of awesome & free materials from the best R Gurus of the world out there. - Take this course as a humble starting point to see through the thickit. .font70[.hl[Note:] Text will be highlighted in .hl[yellow] or .hl2[turquise]. Links will appear [purple]().] --- # Hi! **Who am I?** - Research Fellow (pre-doc). Likes stats and pol sci. Also likes cooking and (board) gaming. - Web: [<svg viewBox="0 0 496 512" style="height:1em;position:relative;display:inline-block;top:.1em;fill:#415564;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M336.5 160C322 70.7 287.8 8 248 8s-74 62.7-88.5 152h177zM152 256c0 22.2 1.2 43.5 3.3 64h185.3c2.1-20.5 3.3-41.8 3.3-64s-1.2-43.5-3.3-64H155.3c-2.1 20.5-3.3 41.8-3.3 64zm324.7-96c-28.6-67.9-86.5-120.4-158-141.6 24.4 33.8 41.2 84.7 50 141.6h108zM177.2 18.4C105.8 39.6 47.8 92.1 19.3 160h108c8.7-56.9 25.5-107.8 49.9-141.6zM487.4 192H372.7c2.1 21 3.3 42.5 3.3 64s-1.2 43-3.3 64h114.6c5.5-20.5 8.6-41.8 8.6-64s-3.1-43.5-8.5-64zM120 256c0-21.5 1.2-43 3.3-64H8.6C3.2 212.5 0 233.8 0 256s3.2 43.5 8.6 64h114.6c-2-21-3.2-42.5-3.2-64zm39.5 96c14.5 89.3 48.7 152 88.5 152s74-62.7 88.5-152h-177zm159.3 141.6c71.4-21.2 129.4-73.7 158-141.6h-108c-8.8 56.9-25.6 107.8-50 141.6zM19.3 352c28.6 67.9 86.5 120.4 158 141.6-24.4-33.8-41.2-84.7-50-141.6h-108z"></path></svg>](https://markusfreitag.netlify.app/) **Who are you?** Let's do a break-out icebreaker session. This will also be your team for the problem sets. --- # What are we going to cover? 1. .hl[Intro] 2. .hl[R-Studio and Git(Hub)] 3. Base R & Tidyverse Basics 4. Data Wrangling I 5. Data Wrangling II 6. Data Viz 7. Writing Functions 8. A complete scientific workflow with R --- # Why R? At the present day (and surely years to come), R is arguably the best programming language for academics: - R is from statisticians for statisticians. - Most active (academic) development community for **statistical** computing/programming. - Nice IDEs; Good integration of other languages and workflow components. - Best for data viz. --- # Why R?  --- # R versus other langs/software <img src="data:image/png;base64,#Figs/benchmarks.svg" width="73%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> <center> Source: [Julia Micro-Benchmarks](https://julialang.org/benchmarks/). <center/> --- # Showcase U can make pretty graphs... <img src="data:image/png;base64,#Intro_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-2-1.png" width="70%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> <center> Data from [Haimueller/Bechtel 2011](https://web.stanford.edu/~jhain/Paper/AJPS2011.pdf). <center/> --- # Showcase U can make pretty [graphs](https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2021/04/13/in-america-republican-led-states-are-rolling-back-electoral-and-civil-liberties)... <div align="center"> <img src="https://www.economist.com/img/b/1000/590/90/sites/default/files/images/2021/04/articles/main/20210417_woc511.png" height=450> </div> --- # Showcase Or [maps](https://timogrossenbacher.ch/2019/04/bivariate-maps-with-ggplot2-and-sf/)... <img src="data:image/png;base64,#Figs/map_ineq.png" width="60%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- # Showcase Or interactive graphs... .pull-left[ <div id="htmlwidget-f73598bbd21c5d042d33" style="width:504px;height:504px;" class="plotly html-widget"></div> <script type="application/json" data-for="htmlwidget-f73598bbd21c5d042d33">{"x":{"visdat":{"47c87616d82":["function () 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] .pull-right[ <div align="center"> <img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/m-freitag/cjpowR/master/cjpowR_hex.png" height=200"> </div> If you are interested in [power for (conjoint/factorial) survey experiments](https://github.com/m-freitag/cjpowR)... ] --- # Showcase Or or interactive maps... <center> <div id="htmlwidget-f3a211d7015a2e218548" style="width:504px;height:432px;" class="leaflet html-widget"></div> <script type="application/json" data-for="htmlwidget-f3a211d7015a2e218548">{"x":{"options":{"crs":{"crsClass":"L.CRS.EPSG3857","code":null,"proj4def":null,"projectedBounds":null,"options":{}}},"calls":[{"method":"addTiles","args":["//{s}.tile.openstreetmap.org/{z}/{x}/{y}.png",null,null,{"minZoom":0,"maxZoom":18,"tileSize":256,"subdomains":"abc","errorTileUrl":"","tms":false,"noWrap":false,"zoomOffset":0,"zoomReverse":false,"opacity":1,"zIndex":1,"detectRetina":false,"attribution":"© <a href=\"http://openstreetmap.org\">OpenStreetMap<\/a> contributors, <a 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Eisenbahnbrücke:\nWurde für die Eisenbahnlinie zwischen München und Braunau von der Königlichen Eisenbahngesellschaft in Auftrag gegeben. Die Gitterträger sind aus Eisen.<br />\n<br />\nBaujahr: 1869-1871<br />\nEntwurf: Heinrich Gerber<br />\nSpannweiten: 48<br />\nGesamtbreite: 150<br />\nTragwerk: 3 Einzelfeldträger Vollwand-Durchlaufträger","Brudermühlbrücke:\nEntstand durch Versetzung der alten Wittelsbacher Brücke als erste Verbindung zwischen Thalkirchen und Untergiesing.<br />\n<br />\nBaujahr: 1953<br />\nEntwurf: <br />\nSpannweiten: 46<br />\nGesamtbreite: 138<br />\nTragwerk: Mehrfeldträger","Corneliusbrücke:\nWurde entweder nach dem Maler und Direktor der Akademie der Bildenden Künste Peter von Cornelius oder aber nach dessen Neffen, einem Dichter und Komponisten gleichen Namens, benannt. Man weiß es nicht.<br />\n<br />\nBaujahr: 1903<br />\nEntwurf: Friedrich von Thiersch, Sager & Wörner<br />\nSpannweiten: 39-44<br />\nGesamtbreite: 150<br />\nTragwerk: Dreigelenkbogen, 3 Felder","Flauchersteg:\nWurde 1914 zu einem soliden, von Betonpfeilern gestützten Holzsteg ausgebaut. 2000 folgt der Neubau in Form einer Stahl-Holz-Konstruktion. Die Hochwasser des Jahres 2005 sollten schon bald Instandsetzungsarbeiten notwendig machen.<br />\n<br />\nBaujahr: 1890<br />\nEntwurf: <br />\nSpannweiten: 4-14<br />\nGesamtbreite: 341<br />\nTragwerk: Mehrfeldträger<br />","Föhringer Eisenbahnbrücke:\nWar schon beim Bau 1907 mit einem Gleis auf den zweigleisigen Bahnbetrieb ausgelegt. Die Verbreiterung erfolgte in den 1940er Jahren. 1945 wurde die Brücke jedoch gesprengt, sofort notdürftig wieder aufgebaut, bevor Ende der 1960er der Neubau erfolgte.<br />\n<br />\nBaujahr: 1907<br />\nEntwurf: Eisenbahndirektion München<br />\nSpannweiten: 31-41<br />\nGesamtbreite: 139<br />\nTragwerk: Durchlaufträger mit 4 Feldern","Großhesseloher Brücke:\nMit dem Bau in den 1850ern eine der ersten großen Eisenbahnbrücken Deutschlands. Fußgänger querten Isar und Isarwehrkanal ursprünglich rechts und links der Gleise entlang. Seit dem Neubau in den 1980ern verläuft der Fuß- und Radweg unterhalb der Gleise innerhalb der Fachwerkskonstruktion.<br />\n<br />\nBaujahr: 1985<br />\nEntwurf: Friedrich August von Pauli, Heinrich Gerber<br />\nSpannweiten: 56-65<br />\nGesamtbreite: 209<br />\nTragwerk: Mehrfeldträger, Fachwerk","Herzog-Heinrich-Brücke:\nUrsprünglich sollte die jetztige John-F.-Kennedy-Brücke den Namen Herzog-Heinrich-Brücke erhalten. Nach dem Attentat am US-Präsidenten zollte man diesem mit der Namensgebung Tribut und wich Heinrich dem Löwen zu Ehren, dem ehemaligen Herzog Bayerns, auf diese zweite Brücke aus.<br />\n<br />\nBaujahr: 1960<br />\nEntwurf: Bayerische Straßenverwaltung, Baufirma Moll<br />\nSpannweiten: 26-56<br />\nGesamtbreite: 156<br />\nTragwerk: Stahlverbundkonstruktion mit vorgespannter Ortbetonverbundplatte","John-F.-Kennedy-Brücke:\nSollte eigentlich Herzog-Heinrich-Brücke heißen und wurde aufgrund des Attentats am US-Präsidenten ihm zu Ehren umbenannt.<br />\n<br />\nBaujahr: 1962<br />\nEntwurf: <br />\nSpannweiten: 25-68<br />\nGesamtbreite: 131<br />\nTragwerk: Mehrfeldträger, durchlaufend, Hohlkastenträger","Kabelsteg:\nDas Bauwerk erhielt seinen Namen von den zu überbrückenden Kabelsträngen, die vom Muffatwerk ausgingen, um die Münchner Tram mit Strom zu versorgen.<br />\n<br />\nBaujahr: 1898<br />\nEntwurf: Adolf Schwiening, Aquilin Altmann<br />\nSpannweiten: 37<br />\nGesamtbreite: 77<br />\nTragwerk: Eingespannter Bogen","Leinthalerbrücke:\nEine erste Eisenbrücke zwischen Ober- und Unterföhring entstand nach Plänen der Königlichen Straßenbauverwaltung bereits 1902, wurde 1945 gesprengt und 1950 wieder aufgebaut. 1982 erfolgte ein kompletter Neubau.<br />\n<br />\nBaujahr: 1982<br />\nEntwurf: Königliche Straßenbauverwaltung<br />\nSpannweiten: 23-33<br />\nGesamtbreite: 99<br />\nTragwerk: Mehrfeldträger durchlaufend bzw. Einfeldträger","Ludwigsbrücke:\nGilt mit dem Bau im 12. Jahrhundert als erste Isarbrücke Münchens und besteht aus zwei Teilen. Die Innere Ludwigsbrücke quert die Große Isar hin zur Museumsinsel, die Äußere Ludwigsbrücke führt über die Kleine Isar hin zur Rosenheimer Straße.<br />\n<br />\nBaujahr: 1935<br />\nEntwurf: German Bestelmeyer<br />\nSpannweiten: 33-64<br />\nGesamtbreite: 114<br />\nTragwerk: Dreigelenkbogen","Luitpoldbrücke:\nWird nach dem Sponsor und Namensgeber auch Prinzregentenbrücke genannt. Die vier liegenden Skulpturen repräsentieren die damals allesamt bayerischen Stämme und Landesteile Altbayern, Schwaben, Franken und Pfalz.<br />\n<br />\nBaujahr: 1902<br />\nEntwurf: Theodor Fischer, Sager & Wörner<br />\nSpannweiten: <br />\nGesamtbreite: 63<br />\nTragwerk: Dreigelenkbogen aus Muschelkalkstein","Mariannenbrücke:\nAls 1888 die Kunstgewerbeausstellung am Isarkai stattfindet, schafft eine schlichte Holzbrücke die Verbindung zwischen Mariannenplatz und Praterinsel sowie dem dortigen Café Isarlust. Wie der Platz trägt die 1929 zur Eisenbetonbrücke ausgebaute Querung den Namen der Herzogin Maria Anna in Bayern.<br />\n<br />\nBaujahr: 1929<br />\nEntwurf: Aquilin Altmann, August Blössner<br />\nSpannweiten: 11-15<br />\nGesamtbreite: 38<br />\nTragwerk: Mehrfeldträger durchlaufend, 3 Felder","Marienklausensteg:\nNach Ende des Ersten Weltkriegs entsteht am südlichen Ende des Tierparks Hellabrunn ein Fußgängersteg aus Holz und Straßenbahnschienen. 1997 erfolgte ein kompletter Neubau. Ihr Charakteristikum ist der Stichsteg zu einer Aussichtskanzel auf der Trennmauer der alten Floßgasse.<br />\n<br />\nBaujahr: 1997<br />\nEntwurf: Felix Schürmann, Lothar Fritsche<br />\nSpannweiten: 6-18<br />\nGesamtbreite: 129<br />\nTragwerk: Mehrfeldträger, 10 Felder","Maximiliansbrücke:\nNach Plänen Arnold Zenettis entstand 1860 die zunächst 13 Meter breite Brücke als Verlängerung der 23 Meter breiten Maximilianstraße. Schon 1903 wurde die Verbreiterung des inneren Teils vom Westen über die Große Isar zur Praterinsel sowie der Neubau der äußeren Brücke über den Auer Mühlbach und die Kleine Isar im Osten angegangen.<br />\n<br />\nBaujahr: 1904<br />\nEntwurf: Friedrich von Thiersch, Sager & Wörner<br />\nSpannweiten: 8-14<br />\nGesamtbreite: 138<br />\nTragwerk: Ziegel- bzw. Natursteingewölbe","Max-Joseph-Brücke:\nBereits 1804 und damals noch außerhalb der Stadt entstand die zweite Münchner Isarbrücke. Zunächst aus Holz, später aus Eisenfachwerk und zwischenzeitlich mehrfach durch Hochwasser zerstört, setzte man beim Neubau 1901 auf eine massive Steinbogenkonstruktion. Sie firmiert auch als Bogenhausener Brücke.<br />\n<br />\nBaujahr: 1901/02<br />\nEntwurf: Theodor Fischer, Sager & Wörner, Hans Grüb<br />\nSpannweiten: 8-14<br />\nGesamtbreite: 64<br />\nTragwerk: Dreigelenkbogen aus Muschelkalkstein","Oberföhringer Stauwehr:\nAn der Wehranlage zwischen dem Englischen Garten und Oberföhring beginnt der Mittlere-Isar-Kanal, der oberhalb von Landshut wieder in die Isar mündet. Unterhalb des Stauwehrs befindet sich ein weitgehend unterirdisches Wasserkraftwerk. Mit dem Bau des Wehrs in den 1920er Jahren entstand auch eine erste Fußgängerbrücke an dieser Stelle.<br />\n<br />\nBaujahr: 1924<br />\nEntwurf: Architekt Brühl<br />\nSpannweiten: 17<br />\nGesamtbreite: 79","Praterwehrbrücke:\nEinzige Brücke zur Praterinsel, die von Autos befahren werden kann. Unterhalb der Brücke staut ein Wehr die Isar für das Praterkraftwerk auf. Die Statue auf einem der Pfeiler stellt den Heiligen Nepomuk dar, den Patron der Flößer.<br />\n<br />\nBaujahr: 1966<br />\nEntwurf: Carl Friedrich von Wiebeking<br />\nSpannweiten: 7-8<br />\nGesamtbreite: 40<br />\nTragwerk: Mehrfeldträger durchlaufen, 5 Felder","Reichenbachbrücke:\nZwischen der Au und dem Glockenbachviertel gelegen ist die Brücke samt Kiosk eine der urbansten Isarbrücken in München. Sie wurde 1832 als Holzbrücke von Carl Muffat geplant und erbaut. Nach Einsturz eines Joches 1840 machten sich Muffat und Friedrich von Gärtner an den Bau einer zweiten Holzbrücke, die deutlich stabiler sogar dem Jahrhunderthochwasser von 1899 standhielt. 1903 trat der Neubau aus Stampfbeton und Muschelkalkstein an deren Stelle.<br />\n<br />\nBaujahr: 1902<br />\nEntwurf: Friedrich von Thiersch, Sager & Wörner<br />\nSpannweiten: 26-44<br />\nGesamtbreite: 135<br />\nTragwerk: Dreigelenkbogen aus Stampfbeton, 4 Felder","Sankt-Emmeram-Brücke:\nDie 1978 als Verbindung zur Isarinsel bei Oberföhring erbaute Fußgänger- und Radlbrücke wurde 2002 durch Brandstiftung bis auf die Betonpfeiler vollkommen zerstört. 2004 konnte der Neubau aus Holz- und Stahlfachwerk auf den alten Pfeilern eingeweiht werden.<br />\n<br />\nBaujahr: 2004<br />\nEntwurf: Richard J. Dietrich<br />\nSpannweiten: 10-34<br />\nGesamtbreite: 96<br />\nTragwerk: Fachwerkträger","Schinderbrücke:\nDie Brücke vom Westufer der Isar in Sendling zum Flaucher ist nach den Schindern (auch Abdecker) benannt, die dort an der so genannten Wasenstatt Schlachtabfälle und Tierkadaver verwerteten und entsorgten.<br />\n<br />\nBaujahr: 1978<br />\nEntwurf: <br />\nSpannweiten: 12<br />\nGesamtbreite: 36<br />\nTragwerk: Mehrfeldträger mit Gelenkausbildung, 3 Felder","Thalkirchner Brücke:\nDie charakteristische rote Brücke aus Stahlbeton und Holz am Eingang des Tierparks Hellabrunn verbindet Thalkirchen seit 1904 mit Harlaching. Bei der Sanierung der Holzbrücke 1923 wurde die Fahrbahnbreite von 7 auf 5 Meter verkleinert. 1991 musste ein Neubau erfolgen, nachdem die Querung durch einen Brand zu Schaden gekommen war.\n<br />\nBaujahr: 1991<br />\nEntwurf: Richard J. Dietrich<br />\nSpannweiten: 13<br />\nGesamtbreite: 183<br />\nTragwerk: Mehrfeldträger durchlaufend, 13 Felder","Wehrsteg:\nBereits zum Ende des 17. Jahrhunderts baute die Stadt München Überfälle zwischen den Kiesinseln zur Ableitung von Hochwasser. Der 100 Jahre später errichtete Wehrsteg hielt dem Hochwasser von 1965 jedoch nicht stand, so dass die Nachfolgekonstruktion 1966 auf Beton als Baumaterial setzte. Der Einfeldträger mit zehn Wehröffnungen wurde Mitte der 1990er saniert.<br />\n<br />\nBaujahr: 1966<br />\nEntwurf: <br />\nSpannweiten: <br />\nGesamtbreite: 153<br />\nTragwerk: Einfeldträger, 10 Wehröffnungen","Wittelsbacherbrücke:\nBestand 1871 zunächst nur aus dem hölzernen Werkssteg, der zur Errichtung der Braunauer Eisenbahnbrücke benötigt und anschließend versetzt wurde. 1876 erfolgt die erste stabilere Eisenkonstruktion. Der Neubau von 1904 stellte dann eine technische Kopie der Reichenbachbrücke aus Beton dar.<br />\n<br />\nBaujahr: 1905<br />\nEntwurf: Theodor Fischer, Sager & Wörner<br />\nSpannweiten: 26-44<br />\nGesamtbreite: 138<br />\nTragwerk: Dreigelenkbogen aus Stampfbeton, 4 Felder","Zenneckbrücke:\nDie denkmalgeschützte Brücke erhielt ihren Namen zu Ehren des Physikers und Direktors der Technischen Hochschule München Jonathan Zenneck. Als sie noch aus Holz bestand, hieß sie zunächst \"\"\"\"\"\"\"\"Äußere Erhardt-Brücke\"\"\"\"\"\"\"\" nach dem Bürgermeister Alois Erhardt. Zwischenzeitlich war sie nach Johan Baptist Bosch benannt, dem Leiter des Tiefbauamts.<br /><br />\nBaujahr: 1925<br />\nEntwurf: Hermann Frauenholz<br />\nSpannweiten: 9-15<br />\nGesamtbreite: 67<br />\nTragwerk: Mehrfeldträger durchlaufend, 5 Felder","Boschbrücke:\nBaujahr: 1925<br />\nEntwurf:<br />\nSpannweiten: 15-16<br />\nGesamtbreite: 47<br />\nTragwerk: Mehrfeldträger, durchlaufend","Müller'sches Volksbad:\nRosenheimer Str. 1<br />\nHallenbad 9:00-23:00 Uhr","Schyrenbad:\nClaude-Lorrain-Straße 24<br />\nSommer: 9:00-18:00 Uhr, an heißen Tagen: bis 20:00 Uhr","Naturbad Maria Einsiedel:\nZentralländstraße 28<br />\nSommer: 9:00 bis 18.00 Uhr, an heißen Tagen: bis 20:00 Uhr","Campingplatz München-Thalkirchen:\n","Ronnie's Kiosk:\nAdresse: Unter der Großhesseloher Brücke","Flaucherstandl Kiosk:\nSortiment: Bio-Schorlen, kalt gepresste, eigens hergestellte Gemüsesäfte sowie weitere alkoholfreie und alkoholische Getränke, darunter verschiedene Biersorten, Wodka, Jägermeister. Zum Essen gibt es u.a. Currywurst, Bratwurst, Schweinswürstl, Wiener Würstchen, Käsesemmeln, Süßigkeiten und Eiscreme.<br />\n<br />\nAusstattung: Das Dixiklo wird derzeit durch ein richtiges Toilettenhäuschen ersetzt. Mülleimer sind vorhanden, auch übliche Pfandflaschen werden angenommen und sogar Flickzeug steht bereit, sollte das Radl eine schnelle Reparatur brauchen.<br />\n<br />\nÖffnungszeiten: bei schönem Wetter täglich von 12 bis 20 Uhr, im Winter am Sonntag<br />\n<br />\nAdresse: Zentralländstraße 35, München","Isolde Mikschy Kiosk:\nSortiment: Zum Trinken stehen alkoholfreie Getränke, Spirituosen im Stamperl oder 0,7-Liter-Flaschen, Weißwein und Rotwein, Hugo, Sekt und Piccolos bereit. Gegen Hunger helfen Schnitzelsemmeln, Fleischpflanzerlsemmeln, Bratwurst, Brühpolnische, Käse- und Salamisemmeln. Darüber hinaus finden sich auch Eiscreme, Süßigkeiten und kleinere Snacks, sowie Tabak, Kondome und Einweggrills.<br />\n <br />\nAusstattung: Für Gäste des kleinen Biergartens steht ein Dixiklo zur Verfügung. Es gibt Mülleimer. Pfandflaschen, die hier erworben wurden, werden zurückgenommen.<br />\n<br />\nÖffnungszeiten: März bis November, 10 Uhr bis 3 Uhr<br />\n<br />\nAdresse: Zentralländstraße 2, München","Tierpark Kiosk:\nSortiment: Alkoholfreie Getränke, Milch, Kakao, Capri Sonne, verschiedene Biersorten und Spirituosen werden ebenso angeboten wie Wiener Würstchen, Currywurst, Leberkassemmeln, Nürnberger Bratwürstchen, Käse- und Salamisemmeln nebst Süßigkeiten, Eiscreme, Zeitungen und Tabak.<br />\n<br />\nAusstattung: Der Kiosk verfügt über eine Toilette, Mülleimer, einigen Sitzmöglichkeiten und auch ein Parkplatz ist in der Nähe. Die üblichen Pfandflaschen werden in der Regel zurückgenommen. <br />\n<br />\nÖffnungszeiten: täglich ab 10 Uhr, im Winter bis 18, sonst bis 22 Uhr<br />\n<br />\nAdresse: Tierparkstraße 37, München","Kiosk Hexenhäusl Flaucher:\nAdresse: am Flaucher","Kiosk Braunauer Eisenbahnbrücke:\nSortiment: Hier kann bei alkoholfreien Getränke, Paulaner Bier und warmen Getränken zugegriffen werden. Gegen den knurrenden Magen helfen Semmeln mit Wurst und Käse, Fleischpflanzerlsemmeln, Schnitzelsemmeln, Leberkassemmeln, Wiener in der Semmel. Auch Eiscreme, Süßigkeiten und Tabak sind erhältlich.<br />\n<br />\nAusstattung: Dixiklo und Mülleimer sind vorhanden, Pfandflaschen aus dem eigenen Sortiment werden zurückgenommen.<br />\n<br />\nÖffnungszeiten: am Wochenende von 10 bis 22 Uhr; unter der Woche von 11 bis 22 Uhr; im Winter an schönen Tagen<br />\n<br />\nAdresse: Teutoburger Straße 11, München","Kiosk Wittelsbacherbrücke:\nSortiment: alkoholfreie Getränke, verschiedene Biersorten, Weißweinschorle, Champagner,  Wiener Würstchen, Currywurst in dreierlei Variationen mit hauseigener Sauce, Bratwurstsemmeln, Nürnberger in der Semmel, Gulaschsuppe, Chili con Carne, Obazda, Fisch, Wurstsemmeln und Tabak.<br />\n<br />\nAusstattung: Sitzgelegenheiten im Biergarten, behindertengerechte Toilette und Mülleimer. Pfandflaschen werden zurückgenommen.<br />\n<br />\nÖffnungszeiten: geöffnet von April bis Oktober in der Regel von 10 bis 24 Uhr<br />\n<br />\nAdresse: Humboldtstraße 1, München","Kiosk Isarwahn:\nSortiment: Gegen den Durst kann aus alkoholfreien Getränken, verschiedenen Biersorten, warmen Getränken, Aperol Spritz, Gin Tonic oder Moscow Mule gewählt werden. Zum Essen gibt es Currywurst, Wiener Würstchen, Pommes. Auch Tabak ist erhältlich.<br />\n<br />\nAusstattung: Sitzgelegenheiten im kleinen Biergarten samt Toilette und Mülleimern. Pfandflaschen werden nicht zurückgenommen.<br />\n<br />\nÖffnungszeiten: täglich von 11 bis 24 Uhr, im Winter nur an Wochenenden bei schönem Wetter<br />\n<br />\nAdresse: Humboldtstraße 2, München","Kiosk Reichenbahnbrücke:\nSortiment: Kiosk ist fast eine Untertreibung, denn über 300 Biersorten aus unterschiedlichen Ländern, 250 alkoholfreie Getränke, Spirituosen, Schnitzelsemmeln, Bockwurst, Leberkas, Cordon Bleu, Süßigkeiten, Lebensmittel für den täglichen Bedarf, Eis, nationale und internationale Zeitungen, Zeitschriften und Tabak lassen nur wenige Wünsche offen.<br />\n<br />\nAusstattung: Auf der gegenüberliegenden Isarseite steht eine Dixiklo-Anlage zur Verfügung. Mülleimer sind vorhanden. Nebst Barem wird auch Kartenzahlung und Bezahlung mit dem Smartphone akzeptiert.<br />\n<br />\nÖffnungszeiten: 23 Stunden, täglich 6 Uhr bis 5 Uhr Morgens<br />\n<br />\nAdresse: Fraunhoferstraße 46, München","Fräulein Grüneis:\nSortiment: verschiedene Biersorten, alkoholfreie Getränke, warme Getränke, Wein, Sommergetränke, Spirituosen, wechselnde Mittagsgerichte, Pausenbrote, Brotzeit, Frühstück, Kuchen, Süßigkeiten, Eiscreme, Tabak<br />\n<br />\nAusstattung: Das komplett renovierte Klohaisl stellt natürlich auch eine Toilettenanlage und Mülleimer für seine Gäste bereit. Besonderes Extra: ein Fahrradverleih.<br />\n<br />\nÖffnungszeiten: Montags bis freitags von 8 Uhr bis zum Einbruch der Dunkelheit, am Wochenende von 10 Uhr bis es dunkel wird<br />\n<br />\nAdresse: Lerchenfeldstraße 1, München","Milchhäusl:\nSortiment: zu 100 Prozent aus Öko-Zutaten. Bei Durst locken alkoholfreie Getränke, verschiedene Biersorten und warme Getränke. Gegen den Hunger kann man zwischen Leberkas, Rostbratwürstchen, Wiener Würstchen, Tomate-Mozzarella-Semmeln, Obazda-Baguette und Ziegenkäse-Semmeln wählen.<br /><br />\nAusstattung: Rund im den Kiosk gibt es einen kleinen Biergarten, Toiletten, Mülleimer und sogar einen Fahrradverleih.<br /><br />\nÖffnungszeiten: täglich von 10 bis 22 Uhr<br />\n<br />\nAdresse: Königinstraße 6, München","Bussis Kiosk:\nSortiment: Neben Bier kann man hier zu verschiedenen alkoholfreien und auch warmen Getränken greifen. Zum Essen sind Frühstück, Leberkas, Weißwurst, Wiener Würstchen, Obazda-Brezn, hausgemachte Kuchen, Salate oder Sandwiches im Angebot. Darüber hinaus lassen sich beim Kiosk Produkte für den täglichen Bedarf wie Milch, Butter, Nudeln, Toilettenpapier usw. besorgen, aber auch Süßigkeiten, Zeitungen und Tabak.<br />\n<br />\nAusstattung: Es stehen einige Sitzgelegenheiten, Liegestühle und Mülleimer zur Verfügung. Pfandflaschen aus dem eigenen Verkauf werden zurückgenommen.<br />\n<br />\nÖffnungszeiten: unter Woche von 8 bis 22 Uhr, am Wochenende 9 bis 22 Uhr<br />\n<br />\nAdresse: Gunezrainerstraße 6, München","Kiosk Schinderstadl:\nÖffnungszeiten: bei schönem Wetter täglich ab vormittags geöffnet<br />\n<br />\nAdresse: Isarauen 2, München","Zum Flaucher - Biergarten:\nZum Flaucher an die Isar zieht es die Münchner bei den ersten Sonnenstrahlen. Den Namen erhalten hat der Flussabschnitt vom Wirtshaus „Zum Flaucher“, das der Wirt Johann Flaucher 1871 eröffnet hat.<br />\nBald strömten die gestressten Städter in Scharen in die Isarauen, wo der Wildflusscharakter der Isar noch heute spürbar ist. Nach dem Umbau der Gaststätte knüpft man an diese lange Tradition wieder an: Im Biergarten des Gasthofes gibt es Bier und traditionelle Speisen fernab des Trubels der Stadt.<br />\n<br />\nÖffnungszeiten: bei schönem Wetter täglich geöffnet.<br />\n<br />\nAdresse: Isarauen 8, München","GSI:\nHome Sweet Home!"],null,null,null,null,{"interactive":false,"permanent":false,"direction":"auto","opacity":1,"offset":[0,0],"textsize":"10px","textOnly":false,"className":"","sticky":true},null]}],"limits":{"lat":[48.0739375048,48.183762],"lng":[11.5394021963,11.6310169802]}},"evals":[],"jsHooks":[]}</script> <center/> .font60[Map shows [points of interest](https://www.opengov-muenchen.de/dataset/points-of-interest-an-der-sudlichen-isar) at the southern part of the Isar in Munich (GSI in orange). Let summer come!] --- # Showcase - U can easily combine R code and text in so called Rmarkdown files to produce reproducible documents in various output formats (html, pdf, etc.). - This presentation is a (hopefully good) example. You can check out the source code [here](). Feel free to take and adapt. - We will learn a little more about this in just a few slides and much more tomorrow! --- class: inverse, center, middle name: intro # R-Studio & Git(Hub) --- # Installation Steps you should have done already: 1. Install [R](https://www.r-project.org/). 2. Install [R-Studio](https://www.rstudio.com/products/rstudio/download/#download). 3. Create a [GitHub](https://github.com/) account. Take some care with the user-name if you want to keep this account throughout your career. You can't change it afterwards. 4. Install and set up [Git](https://git-scm.com/downloads) (and optionally a desktop client). --- # R-Studio R-Studio is an IDE (integrated development environment) for the R language: - comes with a console, code editor, tools for plotting, history, debugging and workspace - open source - pretty accessible/easy to use Alternatives: - Visual Studio Code (nice, if you work with multiple langs; my fav IDE) - Alternatives are worse for package development, shiny platforms and some other R-specific stuff - If your main language is R, RStudio is best --- # R-Studio Lets take a tour... <img src="data:image/png;base64,#Figs/rst.png" width="75%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- # A Small Detour: Two Types of "Scripts" In this course, we will use two types of scripts to write our code: 1. Classic R-Scripts (`.R`): simple text file; comments are usually done like so: `# A comment.` 2. [Rmarkdown](https://rmarkdown.rstudio.com/lesson-1.html) files (`.rmd`): combines code and free text (+ figures and formulae) - Can be "knitted" to, e.g., .pdf, .html and Word - Makes your documents (e.g. a paper or a thesis) fully reproducible (more on this tomorrow!) - Nice for problem sets (hence, we will use it for this right from the beginning) --- # Rmarkdown An Rmarkdown file consists of mainly three things: 1. **YAML header** (Yet Another Markdown Language). Specifies meta info (e.g. author, date, document format, etc.): ```yaml --- title: "Untitled" author: Markus output: html_document --- ``` 2\. **Code chunks** sorrounded by ` ``` `. You can execute each chunk individually. 3\. Plain text formatted via Markdown, a markup language with very [easy syntax](https://www.rstudio.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/rmarkdown-reference.pdf). Problem sets will come as pre-formatted `.rmd` files such that you can start working on excercises directly. --- # R projects - To keep our sanity when coding (and to produce something reproducible in the end), we want to keep all our data, analysis scripts, outputs (e.g. figures) etc. together. **Three approaches:** **<span style="color: red;">Bad</span>** > Creating a folder in the explorer and dropping all files into it. Setting the working directory in the R script manually using, e.g., `setwd("C:/Users/XYZ/New Folder")`. Just don't use `setwd()`. Ever.¹ Why? Reproducibility. .footnote[[1] Yes, I am looking at you, Stata user, who loves to set working directories via `cd`.] --- # R projects **<span style="color: #eaaf0e;">Ok</span>** > Clicking , creating a local "R-Project". This creates a folder with an `.Rproj` file. Whenever you open an R-project, a fresh instance of R starts and **the current working directory is set to the project directory.** You can then work with file paths relative to the project directory: E.g. `Figures/somepicture.png")`. **<span style="color: #03bc0d;">Good</span>** > Creating a project and using version control. This is where Git(Hub) comes in... --- # Why Git(Hub)? Having multiple scripts inside your project called, e.g., `thesis_analysis_final_01_revised_2.R` is a nightmare. - Using Git(Hub) improves your workflow: - helps with keeping track of the changes you do. - makes (code) collaboration with other researchers easy. - helps to make your research/code projects accessible/reproducible/open source. --- # Why Git(Hub)? What's that thing called "Git"? - It's a version control system: $$ \text{Git} \approx \text{MsOffice track changes and restore features} + \text{dropbox/google drive version history}$$ - But it's better, especially for any kind of projects that involve code - You have to "commit" (i.e. save) actively, but that's a good thing (you could still have some sort of auto-save on you local machine)! --- # Why Git(Hub)? <div align="center"> <img src="https://imgs.xkcd.com/comics/git.png" height=500> </div> --- # GitHub GitHub to the rescue: - Built on top of Git - A kind of online cloud service that makes working with Git easier - again, no automated sync (but that's good!) - Instead of some folder, your project lives in a remote **repository** -- .hl[The remote repository is your upstream storage.] &#x2192; You can **clone** it from GitHub to create a local copy. &#x2192; You can **fork** some repo (including those of other users); i.e. create a copy of the repo under "your repositories". You can then **clone** this forked repo to get a local copy. --- # Your first repo 1. Click [here](https://github.com/new) and create a new Git(Hub) repo. Call it "test", set it to .hl[private] and initialize with a readme file. 2. In R-Studio, navigate to `File > New Project > Version Control > Git`. 3. Paste the Repository URL, chose a name and project path and **clone** the thing. 4. You will be asked to provide a personal access token. Generate it [here](https://github.com/settings/tokens) using some name and check the "repo box". 5. In the files tab, open README.md. Also click on the Git tab. Do this .hl[now]! --- # 4 Operations You Need to Know 1. .hl[Stage] ("add") - Tells Git which files u want to make changes (edits, deletes, etc.) to in the repo (simplification); in R-Studio this boils down to "selecting" files/changes to files by checking them. 2. .hl[Commit] - Git's way to "save" the changes you staged. 3. .hl[Pull] - "downloads" all new changes/new commits from GitHub 4. .hl[Push] (to origin) - "uploads" all commits to GitHub; to the origin, i.e. your upstream remote repo. --- # Commit Make some changes to the `README.md` file, stage, commit and push. To establish best practice, give your commit a meaningful name: <img src="data:image/png;base64,#Figs/git_commit.png" width="293" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> - In general, commit whenever you think you made a meaningful change - Push a bit less often than you commit --- # Collaborate with Git(Hub) - Using version control really comes to shine when collaborating. - BUT: you are always collaborating. With your future self. Therefore, always use version control. - To invite someone to a repo on GitHub, go to the repo `settings > manage access`. - Your collaborator can then clone the repo and contribute commits, push them etc. --- # When Things Go Sideways: Merge Conflicts 1. Go to your new repo. Edit the README.md manually in line **3**. 2. Commit some changes in the **same** line locally in R-Studio. Commit. 3. Pull (don't push). 4. Git:  --- # When Things Go Sideways: Merge Conflicts What do you do now? - Well, you (maybe in exchange with your collaborator) decide! - Solve the conflict manually, add, commit, push. --- # Branches <img src="data:image/png;base64,#Figs/git_tree.png" width="50%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- # Branches - [Branches](https://git-scm.com/book/de/v2/Git-Branching-Branches-auf-einen-Blick) allow you to develop/test some idea without touching the main version of your code. - Useful for larger projects. You get a full copy of the repo and you can commit/pull/push all you want. - If your idea turned out not to work. Just delete the branch. - In R-Studio, they can be created **via the little purple branch icon in the Git tab**. - If you want to integrate the feature/idea into the main branch, issue a [pull request](https://docs.github.com/en/github/collaborating-with-pull-requests/proposing-changes-to-your-work-with-pull-requests/about-pull-requests) (easiest way is via GitHub). --- # When Things Go Really, Really Wrong .pull-left[ - DON'T PUSH. - If you did not, just clone a fresh instance of the repo. - If you did, you can revert to an older version (but that's more work). ] .pull-right[  ] --- # Workflow Summary 1. Create a repo or fork some existing repo 2. Invite collaborators 3. Clone it & create an R project 4. Edit code or make other changes 5. Stage, commit (with message), pull (esp. if u work with others/to avoid conflicts right away), push 6. Rinse and repeat steps 4-5. --- # Workflow Summary Yes, the order really is stage, commit, pull, push. Well, we got an intuition for it when we created a merge conflict. See this concise [stackoverflow](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/47465841/pull-commit-push-or-commit-pull-push) answer for a summary: > It's better to commit first. Pulling without commiting may make your work overwritten. With a local commit, conflicts will be shown and prompted for manual merging when pulling, giving you a better control over your work. --- # Further Steps - .hl[Fork the course repo and clone it via R-Studio (that's perhaps a bit hacky but easy and does the job).] - You will need this to conveniently access the course materials/problem sets. - As the fork is your own copy of the repo, feel free to commit and push all you want. - You could also use the [shell](https://happygitwithr.com/shell.html) to clone the repo or, alternatively, GitHub Desktop - For beginners, using a Git GUI (like GitHub Desktop) and R-Studio will cover well over 90% of the use cases imo See, e.g., [here](https://happygitwithr.com) for further reading. --- class: inverse, center, middle name: intro # Next Up: Base R & the Tidyverse